Green Synthesis of Novel Heterocyclic Compounds
Corresponding author: [email protected]
Abstract
The synthesis of heterocyclic compounds remains a cornerstone of modern medicinal chemistry due to their widespread occurrence in biologically active molecules and pharmaceutical agents. Among the various heterocyclic systems, pyridine, quinoline and triazole derivatives have attracted significant attention because of their diverse therapeutic applications, including antimicrobial, antitubercular, antimalarial, antifungal, anti-inflammatory, antiviral and anticancer activities. However, conventional synthetic methods for the preparation of these compounds often involve hazardous reagents, toxic solvents, high energy consumption and the generation of environmentally harmful by-products. These limitations have prompted the development of green and sustainable synthetic approaches that align with the principles of green chemistry. Green synthesis offers environmentally benign alternatives for the construction of heterocyclic frameworks by employing safer solvents, renewable raw materials, recyclable catalysts, energy-efficient techniques and waste-minimization strategies. Modern methodologies such as microwave-assisted synthesis, ultrasound-assisted reactions, solvent-free protocols, aqueous-phase reactions, multicomponent reactions and catalytic processes have significantly improved the efficiency and sustainability of heterocyclic compound synthesis. These approaches not only reduce environmental impact but also enhance reaction yields, shorten reaction times, improve product selectivity and lower production costs. Recent advances in the green synthesis of pyridine-, quinoline- and triazole-based compounds have demonstrated their potential in the development of novel therapeutic agents with improved pharmacological profiles.
Author Affiliations
- 1 Assistant Professor, Department of Pharmaceutics, Godavari Shikshan Mandal's Asian Institute of Pharmacy, Nashik, India.